Bridge Concrete Superstructure 1. Scope This section covers furnishing and providing concrete superstructure works for bridges including casting, handling, launching of RCC T-Girders, deck slab casting, bearing fixing, expansion joints, and drainage spouts in accordance with approved drawings and MoRTH Specifications. 2. Material All materials used in bridge superstructure works shall conform to Section 1000 of MoRTH Specifications. 3. Casting & Handling of Precast RCC T-Girders 3.1 Fixation of Formwork Firm and level casting beds shall be prepared at site for girder casting. Side shutters shall be erected as per approved girder dimensions. Adequate spacing shall be maintained around girders for de-shuttering and handling. Shuttering shall be cleaned and coated with approved shuttering oil before concreting. 3.2 Preparation & Placing of Reinforcement Cage Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) shall be prepared as per approved drawings. Cutting, bending, and tying of reinforcement shall be carried out as per approved BBS. Reinforcement details shall be checked and recorded before concreting. Approved cover blocks of same grade concrete shall be used. Prestressing ducts, inserts, and embedded items shall be fixed as per drawings wherever applicable. 3.3 Pouring of Concrete Concrete of approved grade shall be produced at batching plant using approved mix design. Concrete shall be transported using transit mixers and poured through chute arrangements. Concrete placement shall proceed continuously from one end to another. Cold joints shall be avoided during concreting. Compaction shall be carried out using 40 mm and 60 mm needle vibrators. Wooden mallets shall be used externally on shutters to remove air voids and honeycombing. 4. Identification of Precast RCC T-Girders Each girder shall be properly marked for identification purposes on both sides. Date of Casting Length of Girder Girder Number 5. Curing & De-positioning of RCC T-Girders Girder curing shall be carried out as per MoRTH Specifications. Continuous curing shall be maintained for specified duration. RCC T-Girders shall be shifted from casting bed after achieving minimum required strength or after 14 days, whichever is applicable. Suitable lifting arrangements shall be used during handling and shifting. 6. Tolerances Item Tolerance Variation in flange thickness ±5 mm Variation in web thickness -5 mm to +10 mm Variation in overall depth or width ±5 mm Variation in girder length ±10 mm or ±0.1% of span length Permissible surface unevenness 5 mm 7. Pedestal Casting & Bearing Fixing Bearing centerlines shall be marked accurately over pier/abutment caps. Pedestal dimensions shall conform to approved drawings. Minimum 150 mm clear offset shall be maintained beyond bearing edges. Shuttering shall be erected to required pedestal dimensions. Anchor pockets shall be provided during pedestal concreting. Pedestals shall be cast approximately 20 mm below finished bearing level. Final leveling shall be done using cement epoxy mortar during bearing installation. 8. Launching of Girders RCC T-Girders shall be lifted using lifting hooks provided at both ends. Two cranes shall operate simultaneously during launching. Girders shall be placed directly over bearings in true alignment. Level, line, and plumb shall be checked after placement. Suitable packing or crib arrangements shall be provided where required. Placed girders shall be adequately braced to prevent movement during deck slab construction. 9. Staging for Casting of Deck Slab 9.1 General Arrangement End diaphragm reinforcement and shuttering shall be completed before deck slab staging. Temporary working platforms shall be erected between girders. Staging shall be fabricated using scaffolding pipes and channels. Needle vibrators shall be used for compaction of diaphragm concrete. 9.2 Cantilever Portion Outer girders shall be provided with holes for insertion of tie rods. Cantilever support frames shall be fixed using threaded tie rods and bolts. Required formwork shall be erected over support frames. 9.3 Inner Portion Deck slab staging shall be supported from girder flanges and not from ground. Wooden blocks shall be fixed on girder bottom flange. H-frames and ISMC channels shall be installed using screw jacks. Proper bracing shall be provided to prevent sliding or instability. Shuttering for diaphragm and slab shall be erected as per approved drawings. Foam strips shall be provided between shutter joints to prevent leakage. Levels shall be checked and adjusted using screw jacks. Approved shuttering oil shall be applied before concreting. Entire staging and shuttering shall be inspected and approved by AE. 10. Reinforcement BBS shall be prepared and approved before commencement of reinforcement work. Cutting and bending shall be checked for correct shape and dimensions. Reinforcement shall be placed as per approved drawings. Drainage spouts and rainwater pipe inserts shall be fixed before concreting. Cover blocks and chairs shall be provided to maintain required cover. Wooden blocks shall be fixed for expansion joint recesses as per approved details. 11. Concreting Concrete shall conform to approved mix design and specified grade. Required slump shall be maintained to achieve proper compaction. Concrete shall be transported using transit mixers and placed using concrete pump or placer boom. Concrete in diaphragm shall be laid in layers not exceeding 500 mm. Concreting shall proceed continuously from one expansion joint towards another. Concrete pump pipeline arrangement shall minimize dismantling and re-fixing during concreting. Proper vibration and compaction shall be ensured throughout concreting operations. 12. De-shuttering of Deck Slab Deck slab shuttering shall be removed after achieving specified strength or after 14 days as per MoRTH Specifications. Shuttering plates and scaffolding pipes shall be removed carefully using chain pulleys and ropes. Temporary working platforms shall be utilized during de-shuttering operations. All removed materials shall be safely lowered and stacked. 13. Deployment of Machinery Concrete Pump Batching Plant Transit Mixers Concrete Vibrators Needle Vibrators Cube Moulds Bar Bending Machine Generator / Electrical Arrangement 14. Installation of Strip Seal Expansion Joint with Sinus Plate Expansion joints shall be installed under supervision of manufacturer/supplier engineer. Installation manuals shall be followed strictly. Joint gap dimensions shall be preset based on installation temperature. Recess dimensions, skew, and levels shall conform to approved drawings. Recess surfaces shall be cleaned thoroughly before installation. Joint assemblies shall be aligned and welded with reinforcement as specified. Concrete around joints shall be compacted and cured properly. Installation brackets shall be removed

Methodology for Slab Culverts and Minor Bridges 1. Scope The work shall consist of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) works and furnishing of structures for slab culverts and minor bridges at locations shown in approved drawings or as instructed by the Engineer, in accordance with MoRTH Specifications. 2. Reference Contract Agreement IRC: SP: 84-2014 MoRTH Specifications (5th Revision) Relevant Approved Drawings 3. Setting Out After completion of site preparation, alignment of slab culverts or minor bridges shall be marked on the ground using lime and string. Locations of wing walls, return walls, abutments, and other structural components shall be pegged accurately with reference to the approved alignment. Temporary Bench Marks (TBM) shall be established near the structure location for construction reference. The TBM location shall be selected carefully to avoid disturbance during construction activities and shall remain intact until completion of the structure. 4. Working Drawings Working drawings, structural drawings, and relevant details shall be submitted to the AE before commencement of work. After review and approval by the AE, setting out of the structures shall be carried out. 5. Selection of Materials 5.1 Formwork All formwork materials shall conform to IRC:87 requirements. Only steel formwork shall be used. All bolts shall be countersunk. Approved internal ties and plastic spacers shall be used. Structural steel tubes used for staging shall have minimum wall thickness of 4 mm. 5.2 Reinforcement Reinforcement shall consist of TMT Fe-500 grade steel bars conforming to IS:1786 and approved drawings. Only uncoated steel reinforcement shall be used. Steel shall conform to approved specifications and drawings. 5.3 Concrete & Brick Concrete, brick, and other construction materials shall conform to Section 1000 of MoRTH Specifications. 6. Equipment & Machinery Batching Plant Transit Mixer Concrete Vibrator & Needles Wheel Loader Excavator Shuttering Materials Bar Bending & Cutting Machine Concrete Pump Hydraulic Crane Water Tanker Tractor Trolley 7. Method of Operation 7.1 Formwork a. Design of Formwork Complete design and drawings of formwork for slab superstructure shall be submitted for approval before commencement of work. Formwork design shall conform to IRC:87. b. Workmanship Workmanship shall comply with Clauses 1504.2, 1504.4, and 1504.10 of MoRTH Specifications. Formwork shall produce concrete true to shape, line, level, and dimensions. Steel tubes used in staging shall be free from bends and defects. Staging shall rest on firm foundations considering subsoil conditions. c. Preparation of Formwork Before Concreting Contact surfaces shall be cleaned and dried before application of release agent. Approved water-based release agent shall be used. Release agent shall not come into contact with reinforcement or hardened concrete. Excess release agent shall be wiped off properly. d. Removal of Formwork De-shuttering and de-centering procedures shall be planned in advance and submitted to the AE for approval. Formwork shall not be removed without prior approval. 7.2 Reinforcement a. Bending of Reinforcement Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) shall be prepared and submitted for approval before start of work. BBS shall include bar mark, shape, cutting length, quantity, and weight. Separate schedules shall be prepared for spacers and chairs. b. Placing of Reinforcement Reinforcement shall be placed as per approved drawings and inspected by the AE before concreting. Bars shall be tied securely using binding wire to avoid displacement during concreting. Cover blocks shall be made from cement, sand, and aggregate of the same durability as surrounding concrete. Spacer bars shall be provided at approximately 1 m intervals. Minimum spacer diameter shall be 12 mm or equal to the largest main reinforcement diameter, whichever is greater. Auxiliary supports such as spacers, chairs, and blocks shall be used to maintain reinforcement position. 8. Concrete 8.1 Grades of Concrete Concrete used in structures shall be Design Mix Concrete of approved grade as specified in drawings. 8.2 Proportioning of Concrete Concrete batching shall be carried out using computerized batching plants. Measuring equipment shall be maintained in clean and serviceable condition and calibrated periodically. 8.3 Water Cement Ratio Water-cement ratio shall be maintained considering moisture content of aggregates and weather conditions. 8.4 Admixtures Approved admixtures conforming to IS:6925 and IS:9103 may be used with prior approval of AE. Admixtures containing chlorides, sulphides, sulphates, nitrates, or harmful materials shall not be used. Hydrogen or nitrogen generating admixtures shall not be permitted. 8.5 Size of Coarse Aggregate Maximum size of coarse aggregate shall conform to Table 1700-7 of MoRTH Specifications. 9. Transporting, Placing & Compaction of Concrete Concrete shall be transported using transit mixers and placed using concrete pumps or suitable chutes. Pipeline routing shall have minimum bends. Concrete temperature during placing shall be maintained between 5°C and 40°C. Concrete shall be compacted within 30 minutes of discharge. Concrete shall be placed in horizontal layers not exceeding 300 mm compacted thickness. Fresh concrete shall not be placed against concrete older than 30 minutes without proper construction joints. Concreting shall not be carried out when ambient temperature exceeds 40°C. 10. Protection & Curing Concrete surfaces shall be protected and cured immediately after placement. Surfaces shall be kept continuously wet by ponding or covering with wet hessian cloth, canvas, or sacks. Curing shall continue for a minimum period of 14 days. 11. Quality Control Inspection of Reinforcement & Cover Formwork Inspection Concrete Slump Test Cube Casting & Testing Line, Level & Alignment Checks Inspection of Bearings & Expansion Joints (if applicable) 12. Safety All equipment and machinery shall be inspected before use. Workers shall use proper PPE such as helmets, reflective jackets, gloves, and safety shoes. Barricading and caution boards shall be provided around work areas. Proper scaffolding and safe working platforms shall be ensured during slab construction. Traffic diversion and warning signage shall be maintained throughout construction activities.

Methodology for Pipe Culverts 1. Scope The work shall consist of furnishing and installing the required length, type, and size of reinforced cement concrete pipes at locations shown in the drawings or as directed by the Contract Agreement (CA). 2. Reference Contract Agreement IRC: SP: 84-2014 MoRTH Specifications (5th Revision) Relevant Approved Drawings 3. Setting Out After completion of site clearance, alignment of the culvert shall be surveyed and marked on the ground using lime and string for locating the culvert and associated structures. Temporary Bench Marks (TBM) shall be established near the structure location for construction reference. TBM locations shall be selected carefully to avoid disturbance during construction activities and shall remain intact until completion of the work. 4. Working Drawings Working drawings, structural drawings, and relevant details shall be submitted to the AE before commencement of work. After review and approval by the AE, setting out of the structures shall be carried out. 5. Selection of Materials All materials used in pipe culvert construction shall conform to Section 2900 of MoRTH Specifications. RCC pipes shall be inspected and approved by the AE before use. Manufacturing test certificates shall be submitted for approval. PCC, RCC, aggregates, and jointing materials shall conform to approved specifications. 6. Equipment & Machinery Hydraulic Excavator Hydraulic Crane / Hydra Dumper Plate Compactor Mechanical / Pneumatic Tampers Water Tanker Tractor Trolley 7. Method of Operation Foundation bed for pipe culverts shall be excavated true to the lines and grades shown in approved drawings or as directed by the AE. Pipes shall be laid either in shallow excavation of natural ground or in trenches cut through existing embankment to required levels. Where trench excavation is required, trench width shall be maintained at a minimum of 150 mm or one-fourth of pipe diameter on either side, whichever is greater, but not exceeding one-third of pipe diameter. Sides of trenches shall be kept as vertical as possible and pipes shall be laid on PCC bedding. The bedding surface shall provide a firm and uniform foundation throughout the culvert length at required line, level, and grade. After completion of bedding, pipes shall be carefully laid to the required line and level without damage and as approved by the AE. Where multiple pipes are laid, minimum clear spacing between pipes shall be half the pipe diameter or minimum 500 mm. Pipe laying shall commence from the outlet side (downstream) towards the inlet side (upstream) to ensure smooth invert alignment. In bell-mouth pipes, the belled end shall face upstream direction. Pipe joints shall be made as per approved drawings and specifications. For light hydraulic pressure joints, recesses at pipe ends shall be filled with jute braiding dipped in hot bitumen or approved compound. Bitumen rings shall be properly compressed by jacking or suitable approved methods to ensure watertight joints. All joints shall be finished flush with the internal pipe surface and kept damp for at least four days after completion. Backfilling shall commence only after jointing materials have adequately hardened. Backfill material shall be clean and free from boulders, roots, organic matter, and oversized lumps. Backfilling shall be carried out equally on both sides of the pipe to avoid unequal pressure. Backfill shall be placed in layers not exceeding 150 mm thickness and compacted thoroughly using approved compaction equipment. Special attention shall be given to compaction around the haunch portion of the pipe. Head walls, wing walls, aprons, and ancillary works shall be constructed as per approved drawings and relevant MoRTH sections. RCC works shall conform to Sections 1500, 1700, 2100, 2200, or 2300 as applicable. Apron and protection works shall conform to Section 2500 of MoRTH Specifications. 8. Opening to Traffic Traffic shall be allowed over the pipe culvert only after providing a minimum earth cushion of 600 mm above the top of the pipe or as specified in approved drawings. 9. Quality Control Checking of Line, Level & Alignment Inspection of Bedding & PCC Pipe Joint Inspection Compaction Testing of Backfill Material Testing as per MoRTH Specifications Inspection of Headwall & Protection Works 10. Safety All machinery and lifting equipment shall be inspected before use. Barricading and caution boards shall be provided around excavation areas. Workers shall wear PPE such as helmets, safety shoes, reflective jackets, gloves, and masks. Proper traffic diversion and warning signs shall be maintained throughout the construction period. Safe lifting practices shall be followed during pipe handling and placement.

Methodology for Box Culverts 1. Reference Drawings of Box Culverts Reviewed drawings shall be referred to for casting of box culverts. 2. Working Drawings Working drawings, structural drawings, and relevant details shall be submitted to the AE prior to commencement of work for approval. After approval, setting out of the structure shall be carried out at site. 3. Scope of Work The work shall consist of widening of existing box culverts or reconstruction/construction of new box culverts as per reviewed drawings. The work includes: Excavation Foundation Preparation PCC & Raft Construction Wall Construction Deck Slab Construction Return Wall & Curtain Wall Construction Apron & Protection Works 4. Reference Contract Agreement IRC: SP: 84-2014 MoRTH Specifications (5th Revision) Relevant Approved Drawings 5. Plant & Machinery Mixer Machine with Weigh Batcher / Batching Plant Transit Mixer Concrete Vibrator & Hand Rammer Trailer / Open Body Truck Water Tanker Water Pump Shuttering Plates & Staging Materials Backhoe Loader / Excavator 6. Materials Cement, mineral admixtures, chemical admixtures, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water shall conform to Clause 1700 of MoRTH Specifications. Reinforcement steel shall be HYSD Fe-500 grade bars conforming to IS:1786 or as shown in approved drawings. Concrete grade shall be as specified in reviewed drawings. Concrete shall be produced, transported, and placed as per approved mix design. 7. Method of Construction Excavation shall be carried out manually or mechanically depending upon site conditions. Care shall be taken to avoid over-excavation. The PCC bed level shall be maintained accurately. If required, the foundation surface shall be sprinkled with water before laying PCC. Layout marking shall be carried out for raft and walls. PCC of grade M15 or as shown in approved drawings shall be laid over prepared foundation. Concrete grades for raft, walls, deck slab, return wall, and curtain wall shall be as per reviewed drawings. Reinforcement steel shall be fixed and tied as per approved BBS and drawings. Formwork for raft including haunch and kick-starter shall be erected properly. Concreting shall be carried out as per Clause 1700 of MoRTH Specifications. Post-concreting inspection shall be carried out after de-shuttering and any defects shall be rectified immediately. Proper curing arrangements shall be ensured after concreting. The same sequence shall be followed for walls, return walls, and curtain walls. Weep holes shall be provided as per approved drawings. Scaffolding and soffit formwork for top slab shall be erected properly. Deck slab reinforcement shall be tied as per approved BBS and drawings. Concreting of top slab shall be carried out after inspection approval. Boulder pitching and apron protection works shall be executed on upstream (U/S) and downstream (D/S) sides. If total wall height is less than 3 m, slab shall be cast monolithically along with walls after casting starter and haunch. Side shutters of wall and deck slab may be removed after 12 hours of concreting or as approved by the Engineer. Proper curing of deck slab and wall surfaces shall be carried out by ponding and wet hessian cloth covering. Soffit staging shall be removed after achieving required strength and as per span criteria. Floor protection works on U/S and D/S sides shall be carried out as per GFC drawings. Traffic diversion arrangements shall be made before commencement of work to ensure safe and smooth vehicular movement. 8. Quality Control Sampling and testing frequency shall be carried out as per MoRTH Clause 1700 and IS:4926-2003 requirements. Concrete Cube Testing Slump Test Reinforcement Inspection Formwork Inspection Line, Level & Alignment Check Cover Measurement 9. Safety All construction vehicles and equipment such as transit mixers, JCBs, and excavators shall have functional reverse horns and safety systems. Excavated areas shall be properly barricaded using safety tapes, caution boards, and barricading arrangements. Workers shall use PPE such as helmets, safety shoes, reflective jackets, gloves, and safety belts. Proper illumination and warning signs shall be provided during night work. Traffic management and diversion arrangements shall be maintained throughout the construction period.

Methodology for Pre-stressing of HTS Strands This item of work deals with the activity of Pre-stressing of H.T.S strands of PSC girders with approved materials as per the specifications of the Contract Agreement. General This item of work shall be carried out in compliance with Clause 1800 of MoRTH Specifications. The materials shall conform to Section 1000 and the grout mix shall conform to Section 1808 of MoRTH Specifications. Procedure 1. Cable Fabrication & Laying The length of cable required shall be computed from the drawing including allowances for profiling and gripping length of jack. The strand shall be cut evenly using an abrasive cutter to the required length. Both ends of the cable shall be numbered to maintain correct configuration in the bearing plate and prevent twisting in the duct. The duct shall be profiled as per approved ordinates and cable shall be threaded manually into the duct. Grout vents shall be provided wherever required. Tube ducts of the anchorage shall be fixed with end blocks as shown in drawings. The ducts shall be connected to tube units. The cable consisting of the specified number of strands shall be tied with binding wire at regular intervals and threaded into sheathing. Both ends of the duct shall be closed after strand installation and protruding strands shall be wrapped properly to avoid dirt entry during concreting. 2. Concreting During concreting, cables shall be moved manually at suitable intervals to avoid concrete blockage inside ducts. The strands beyond the bearing plate shall be cleaned using petrol after concreting to remove dust and rust. 3. Stressing Operation Stressing of cables may be carried out from both ends. Bearing plates shall be cleaned and fixed in proper configuration. Wedges shall be fixed to bearing plates and tightened. Jacks shall be mounted properly and aligned with the cable. Master grips of the jack shall be inserted over strands and fixed into pulling plates. Stressing pumps shall be connected to jacks through hose pipes. Correction factor shall be calculated from pressure and elongation readings. Initial pressure of 50 kg/cm² shall be applied to remove cable slackness. Pressure shall then be increased gradually and elongation readings recorded. Tensioning force shall be verified by pressure gauge readings and elongation comparison. Acceptance Criteria During Stressing If calculated elongation is achieved before specified pressure, stressing shall continue till specified pressure is reached provided elongation does not exceed 1.05 times calculated elongation. If specified pressure is reached before calculated elongation, stressing may continue in intervals of 5 kg/cm² provided pressure does not exceed 1.05 times specified pressure. If elongation remains less than 0.95 times calculated elongation at 1.05 times specified pressure: Check functioning of jack, pump and hose pipes. Detension the cable and check for duct blockage. On achieving full load, wedges shall be locked hydraulically. Jack shall be released and retracted. The same procedure shall be repeated for all cables. 4. Grouting All protruding ends of strands shall be cut after prestressing. Nozzles and valves shall be fitted to grout holes. Ducts shall be flushed with lime water before grouting. Grout shall be prepared using Ordinary Portland Cement and non-shrink grout admixture. Grouting shall commence with low pressure until grout flows out from the other end. The outlet shall be closed once grout consistency becomes uniform. After achieving desired pressure, inlet valve shall be closed. Equipment / Machinery Hydraulic Jack Pressure Gauge Compressor Grouting Equipment Grout Cube Moulds Tolerances Parameter Permissible Tolerance Variation from specified horizontal profile ±5 mm Variation from specified vertical profile ±5 mm Variation from specified position in member ±5 mm “`

Methodology for Structural Concrete for Bridges and Culverts 1. Scope The work shall consist of producing and placing concrete of grade M15 and higher by weigh batching in accordance with MoRTH Specifications, IRC:112, approved drawings, and contract specifications. 2. Reference Contract Agreement IRC: SP: 84-2014 MoRTH Specifications (5th Revision) IRC: 112 Relevant Drawings 3. Setting Out After completion of site preparation, alignment of the structure shall be marked on the ground using lime and string. Structural points such as abutment walls and wing walls shall be pegged accurately. Temporary Bench Marks (TBM) shall be established nearby for level reference and protected throughout construction activities. 4. Materials 4.1 Cement Cement conforming to IS:269 shall be used after ensuring the required design strength. Manufacturer Test Certificates (MTC) shall be submitted to the AE for every consignment. Independent testing shall also be conducted at approved laboratories. 4.2 Coarse Aggregate Coarse aggregates shall be obtained from approved quarries and shall consist of clean, hard, durable crushed stone conforming to Table 1700-7 of MoRTH Specifications / IS 383. 4.3 Fine Aggregate Fine aggregates shall be clean, durable, and free from deleterious materials. Gradation shall conform to Table 1000-2 of MoRTH Specifications / IS 383. 4.4 Water Water used for mixing and curing shall conform to IS 456 and Section 1010 of MoRTH Specifications. Water shall be free from harmful substances. Use of seawater shall not be permitted. 4.5 Reinforcement Steel Reinforcement steel shall conform to Section 1009.3 of MoRTH Specifications and IS 1786. TMT Fe-500 grade bars shall be used as per approved drawings. 4.6 Bending of Reinforcement Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) shall be prepared and submitted for approval before commencement of work. It shall include shape, number, cutting length, and weight of bars including auxiliary reinforcement. All materials shall be approved by the AE before use in construction. 5. Placing of Reinforcement Reinforcement shall be placed as per approved drawings and inspected by the AE before concreting. Bars shall be tied using 1 mm binding wire. Cover blocks of the same concrete grade shall be used. Spacer bars and chairs shall be provided to maintain spacing and cover. Horizontal reinforcement shall be adequately supported to avoid sagging. 6. Proportioning of Concrete Concrete shall be produced using approved design mix by weigh batching. Measuring equipment shall be maintained in proper condition and calibrated periodically. Water-cement ratio shall be maintained considering moisture content of aggregates and weather conditions. 7. Trial Mixes Trial mixes for all grades of concrete shall be carried out at the site laboratory before commencement of work using approved materials. Additional trial mixes shall be conducted whenever there is a change in source or proportion of materials. 8. Equipment Batching Plant Transit Mixer Concrete Pump Vibrators & Vibrator Needles Wheel Loader Excavator Shuttering Material Bar Bending & Cutting Machine 9. Transporting, Placing & Compaction of Concrete Concrete shall be transported using transit mixers or concrete pumps. The delivery pipeline shall have minimum bends. Concrete temperature during placing shall be between 5°C and 40°C. Concrete shall be compacted within 30 minutes of discharge. Concrete shall be placed in layers not exceeding 300 mm compacted thickness. Fresh concrete shall not be placed against concrete older than 30 minutes without proper construction joints. Concreting shall not be carried out when ambient temperature exceeds 40°C. 10. Formwork Formwork shall conform to Section 1500 of MoRTH Specifications and IRC:87. Only steel formwork shall be used. Formwork shall be rigid and true to shape. Damaged formwork shall not be used without repair. Steel tubes used as supports shall have minimum 4 mm wall thickness. 11. Construction Joints Construction joints shall be kept to a minimum and provided as per drawings. Laitance shall be removed and the concrete surface roughened before placing fresh concrete. 12. Curing Water curing shall be carried out using approved water conforming to MoRTH Specifications. Concrete surfaces shall be kept continuously wet. Wet hessian cloth, sacks, or canvas may be used. Curing shall continue for at least 14 days after concreting. 13. Finishing Finishing shall be carried out as per Clause 1713 of Section 1700 of MoRTH Specifications to achieve smooth and durable concrete surfaces.